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Jean Hardy (19 May 1762 – 29 May 1802) commanded a French division during the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1783 he enlisted in the French Royal Army. In 1792 he joined a volunteer battalion and fought at Valmy, earning promotion to major. After leading a battalion at Wattignies and successfully holding Philippeville in 1793, he became a general of brigade. In 1794, he led troops in the ''Army of the Ardennes'' at Boussu-lez-Walcourt, Grandreng, Gosselies and Fleurus. Hardy fought in the ''Army of Sambre-et-Meuse'' during the Rhine Campaign of 1795. He commanded 12,000 troops in the Rhine Campaign of 1796. In 1798 he was captured by the British at the Battle of Tory Island in a failed invasion of Ireland. In July 1799 Hardy was promoted general of division. He was wounded at Ampfing in late 1800. He was sent with the French expedition to put down the Haitian Revolution and died of yellow fever. His surname is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 6. ==War of the First Coalition== Hardy was born on 19 May 1762 in Mouzon, a village that is now in the Ardennes department of France. He enlisted in an infantry unit at age 21. At the time of the French Revolution, he was a fourrier in the ''Royal-Monsieur'' Regiment with the brevet rank of sous-officer. He joined the ''Epernay'' Volunteers and fought at the Battle of Valmy on 20 September 1792, earning promotion to Chef de bataillon (major). He became the commander of the 7th Battalion of the ''Marne'' Volunteers, leading his unit at the Battle of Wattignies on 17 October 1793. In the following month he was assigned to hold Philippeville against the Austrians and his vigorous defense was crowned with success.〔 Hardy was promoted general of brigade on 16 November 1793. Hardy was appointed commander of the advance guard of the ''Army of the Ardennes'' on 27 January 1794.〔Hardy (1901), p. x.〕 This army was commanded by Louis Charbonnier. On 20 April, Charbonnier's superior Jean-Charles Pichegru ordered the ''Army of the Ardennes'' to march from Givet to Philippeville. By the 22nd, the army's 17,000 soldiers were massed west of Philippeville, less 3,450 men guarding the roads farther east. Philippe Joseph Jacob led 12 battalions grouped into a left brigade under Jean Thomas Guillaume Lorge and a right brigade under Jean Baptiste Augier. Hardy was assigned an advance force made up of the 26th Light Infantry Battalion, six companies of grenadiers, the 11th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment and four light cannons. His task was to cover the army's march toward Beaumont. Charbonnier decided to cross the Silenrieux gorge on 25 April and seize Boussu-lez-Walcourt.〔Dupuis (1907), pp. 44–45.〕 Hardy's advance guard was reinforced with 172nd Line Infantry Demi-brigade, 1st Battalion of ''Sarthe'', four companies of grenadiers, 20th Chasseurs à Cheval, one squadron of the 5th Dragoons and six field guns. Led by the grenadiers and light infantry, Hardy's troops crossed the Silenrieux ravine and took position on the west side.〔Dupuis (1907), pp. 46–47.〕 The local Austrian commander Joseph Binder von Degenschild decided to counterattack on the 26th from Boussu, Walcourt and Florennes.〔Dupuis (1907), p. 48.〕 Having received positive orders to attack Boussu on the 26th, Charbonnier further reinforced Hardy with the 2nd Battalion of ''Nord'', 9th Battalion of ''Seine-et-Oise'' and two more field pieces. Hardy now commanded 6,000 foot soldiers, 800 horsemen, eight cannons and four howitzers. In the area between Boussu and Beaumont there were only 5,000 Coalition troops, including 1,000 cavalry.〔Dupuis (1907), p. 50–51.〕 During the action of 26 April, Hardy was personally in command of the troops engaged at Boussu.〔Dupuis (1907), p. 53〕 At the end of the day, Degenschild withdrew his Coalition forces to Thuin and Marchienne-au-Pont.〔Dupuis (1907), p. 56–57.〕 Hardy led the advance guard in the capture of Thuin on 10 May in the lead-up to the Battle of Grandreng. On 3 June 1794, during the retreat after the Battle of Gosselies, Hardy with two battalions of light infantry defended the river crossing at Monceau-sur-Sambre. Under a crossfire of Austrian artillery, he and his troops held their ground until Alexandre-Antoine Hureau de Sénarmont and his engineers removed the last part of the pontoon bridge. During the Battle of Fleurus he led the advance guard in François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers' division.〔 In the Rhine Campaign of 1795 Hardy commanded one of two brigades in Marceau's division which besieged Ehrenbreitstein Fortress. The units in his brigade were unspecified but the 11,240-strong division consisted of the 1st, 9th, 21st, 26th and 178th Line Infantry Demi-brigades, the 11th Chasseurs à Cheval and the 31st Gendarmes Battalion. The siege lasted from 15 September to 17 October 1795 and was unsuccessful.〔Smith (1998), pp. 106–107〕 In July during the Rhine Campaign of 1796, Marceau was left to besiege Mainz with the 28,545 troops of the Right Wing and Infantry Reserve. Meanwhile, Jean-Baptiste Jourdan took the bulk of the ''Army of Sambre-et-Meuse'' into Germany in pursuit of the Austrian armies. Hardy's troops repulsed a sortie by the garrison of Mainz and he was cited in the order of the day for 29 July 1796. He commanded 12,000 troops on the west bank of the Rhine facing Mainz.〔Hardy (1901), p. xi.〕 By September 1796, Jourdan's army was in retreat and Marceau was compelled to lift the siege of Mainz with his east bank forces and join Jourdan. At this time, Hardy withdrew his west bank division to the Nahe River.〔Phipps (2011), v. 2, pp. 353–354.〕 Later, he fought several skirmishes in the Hunsrück region, including at Ingelheim am Rhein, Bingen am Rhein and Kaiserslautern. On 27 November 1796 he was badly wounded at Mont-Tonnerre. After recuperating at Philippeville, Hardy married the 20-year-old Calixte Hufty de Busnel, Sénarmont's sister-in-law, on 18 January 1797.〔Hardy (1901), p. xiv.〕 The couple would have three sons, Victor, Felix and Édouard.〔Hardy (1901), pp. 289–290.〕 The new commander of the ''Army of Sambre-et-Meuse'', Lazare Hoche crossed the Rhine in April and Hardy rejoined the army.〔 His private letters beginning on 30 April 1797 are preserved in a book edited by his grandson, General Hardy de Périni.〔Hardy (1901), p. 1.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jean Hardy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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